French Noun Endings Can Be a Telltale Sign of Gender

French gender  is a headache for many students of French. Why is manteau masculine and montre feminine? Why is  tà ©moin  always masculine and  victime  always feminine? As vexing as this subject is for nonnative speakers, we simply have to accept that French gender is here to stay. In fact, consider yourself lucky that youre studying French; in German and Latin, for instance, youd have to learn three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and in still other languages, it gets even more complicated. It might help to know that grammatical  gender (what were discussing here) has nothing to do with natural gender, which is actual, physical gender of living beings. Linguist Andrew Livingston tells us grammatical gender is a way of classing nouns thats older than recorded history. Its deeply embedded in the DNA of an array of Indo-European languages that trace their lineage to a common ancestor, which probably needed to differentiate between the animate and the inanimate. In French, theres simply no way to know the gender of every single noun other than by memorizing the gender of each. There are, however, certain patterns in suffixes and word endings that are a tip-off. As you can see by the number of exceptions here, these gender patterns are not foolproof indicators, but they can help. Before we begin, a couple of notes: We try to list the most common and, thus, most useful exceptions; we avoid obscure exceptions. Also, to avoid confusion, we do not list  dual-gender nouns.   French Masculine Nouns Here are some suffixes that usually indicate masculine nouns, as well as some important exceptions. -ageExceptions: la cage, une image, la nage, la page, la plage, la rage -b -bleExceptions: une cible, une à ©table, une fable, une table -cException: la fac (apocope of la facultà ©) -cleException: une boucle -d -deExceptions: la bride, la merde, la mà ©thode, la pinà ¨de; -ade, -nde, -ude endings -à ©Exceptions: la clà ©, la psychà ©; sà ©, tà ©, and tià © endings -eauExceptions: leau, la peau -à ¨geException: la Norvà ¨ge -et -eurNote:  This applies mainly to names of professions and mechanical or scientific things; also see -eur in the list of feminine endings. -fExceptions: la soif, la clef, la nef -iExceptions: la foi, la fourmi, la loi, la paroi -ing -isme -k -lException: une roseval -mException: la faim -meExceptions: une alarme, une à ¢me, une arme, la cime, la coutume, la crà ¨me, là ©cume, une à ©nigme, une estime, une ferme, une firme, une forme, une larme, une plume, une rame, une rime, -mme ending -mentException: une jument -nExceptions: la faà §on, la fin, la leà §on, la main, la maman, la ranà §on; -son and -ion endings -oExceptions: la dactylo, la dynamo, la libido, la mà ©tà ©o, la moto, la steno (most of these are apocopes of longer feminine words) -oir -one -ou -p -rExceptions: la chair, la cour, la cuiller, la mer, la tour (see feminine -eur) -sExceptions: la brebis, la fois, une oasis, la souris, la vis -steExceptions: la liste, la modiste, la piste; names for people like un(e) artiste, un(e) nudiste, etc. -tExceptions: la burlat, la dent, la dot, la forà ªt, la jument, la mort, la nuit, la part, la plupart, la ziggourat -treExceptions: la fenà ªtre, une huà ®tre, la lettre, la montre, la rencontre, la vitre -uExceptions: leau, la peau, la tribu, la vertu -xExceptions: la croix, la noix, la paix, la toux, la voix Feminine Noun Endings Here are some suffixes that usually indicate feminine nouns, as well as some important exceptions. Remember, we list here the most common endings, because these will be the most useful for you to know. -aceExceptions: un ace, un palace -adeExceptions: le grade, le jade, le stade -aleExceptions: un chà ¢le, un pà ©tale, un scandale -ance -beExceptions: un cube, un globe, un microbe, un tube, un verbe -ceExceptions: un artifice, un armistice, un appendice, le bà ©nà ©fice, le caprice, le commerce, le dentifrice, le divorce, un exercice, un office, un orifice, un prà ©cipice, un prince, un sacrifice, un service, le silence, le solstice, le supplice, un vice -cà ©Exception: un crustacà © -eNote:  Most countries and names that end in e are feminine. -eeException: un pedigree -à ©eExceptions: un apogà ©e, un lycà ©e, un musà ©e, un pà ©rigà ©e, un trophà ©e -esse -eurNote: This applies mainly to abstract qualities and emotions, except le bonheur, lextà ©rieur, lhonneur, lintà ©rieur, le malheur, le meilleur. Also see -eur  on the list of masculine endings. -feException: le golfe -ieExceptions: un incendie, le foie, le gà ©nie, le parapluie, le sosie -ià ¨reExceptions: larrià ¨re, le cimetià ¨re, le derrià ¨re -ineExceptions: le capitaine, le domaine, le moine, le magazine, le patrimoine -ionExceptions: un avion, un bastion, un billion, un camion, un cation, un dominion, un espion, un ion, un lampion, un lion, un million, le morpion, un pion, un scion, un scorpion, un trillion -iqueExceptions: un graphique, un pà ©riphà ©rique -ireExceptions: un auditoire, un commentaire, un dictionnaire, un directoire, un horaire, un itinà ©raire, livoire, un laboratoire, un navire, un pourboire, le purgatoire, le rà ©pertoire, le salaire, le sommaire, le sourire, le territoire, le vocabulaire -ise -iteExceptions: lanthracite, un ermite, le granite, le graphite, le mà ©rite, lopposite, le plà ©biscite, un rite, un satellite, un site, un termite -lleExceptions: le braille, un gorille, un intervalle, un mille, un portefeuille, le vaudeville, le vermicelle, le violoncelle -mmeExceptions: un dilemme, un gramme, un programme -ndeException: le monde -nne -oleExceptions: le contrà ´le, le monopole, le rà ´le, le symbole -rreExceptions: le beurre, le parterre, le tonnerre, le verre -seExceptions: un carosse, un colosse, le gypse, linverse, un malaise, un pamplemousse, un parebrise, le suspense -sà ©Exceptions: un exposà ©, un opposà © -sion -sonExceptions: un blason, un blouson -tà ©Exceptions: un arrà ªtà ©, le comità ©, le comtà ©, le cà ´tà ©, un dà ©putà ©, un à ©tà ©, le pà ¢tà ©, le traità © -tià © -tionException: le bastion -udeExceptions: le coude, un interlude, le prà ©lude -ueException: un abaque -uleExceptions: le prà ©ambule, le scrupule, le tentacule, le testicule, le và ©hicule, le ventricule, le vestibule ï » ¿-ureExceptions: le centaure, le cyanure, le dinosaure, le murmure

Democracy Or Vote Based System - 987 Words

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The Bento as a Culture in Japan Free Essays

The bento as a culture in Japan ID NO. 12411099 Word count: 1075 It is very convenient that students who study in APU can go to convenience store buying bento as lunch or dinner. In fact, everyday there are so many people who are students or businessmen buying bento as their lunch when they have no time to eat lunch in resturant or made by hand. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bento as a Culture in Japan or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some way, bento is a pretty important culture in Japan society. Bento first appeared in ancient period in Japan, which mostly stood for more wealthy class people. On the contrast, especially for the rural residents just took some rice balls when they went out do to something. The rice balls were considered formed in Yayoi era of the late (about two centuries before and after), which has been had a very long history. The rice balls was called † grip rice† (nigirimeshi), or â€Å"imperial Results† (omusubi) to the Edo period. From this point of view, we can know that bento has a long history in Japan, and it is a kind of special culture of Japanese. Lunch sale has become a highlight to attract customers to buy the bento in various large convenience stores, such as â€Å"7-11†, â€Å"Family-mart†, â€Å"Lawson†. They use lots of ways showing their bento, and constantly develop the bento in new-types and new-tastes. According to the seasons change, they make the inexpensive bento but in good color, flavor, and taste. Japanese are usually accustomed to cold food, but in the winter they can use the microwave in the convenience store heating the bento by free. It shows that the Japanese people about the natural view. Japan is a seaboard country, they accept the most of food by the sea, so they have a highly respect to the sea. The price of bento is generally in the range from 450 yen to 700 yen. The qualities of bento in lunch house and lunch share seems to be above the supermarkets and convenience stores, because the food is fresh, and probably also serves soup. Lunch of the forms from the wicker suitcase, bamboo baskets, exquisite lacquer box, aluminum lunch boxes has already evolved into today’s plastic or wood containers which are more convenient to take and heat. So why is bento so popular in Japan? Firstly, the bento stores are very popular. According to the survey, every province has almost 1000 bento stores in Japan. It indicates that the bento is a very important culture in Japan. Secondly, the economics decides the popular degree of bento in Japan. Thirdly, It can keep the balance of nutrition in daily life. Especially it is convenient for the businessmen who face much pressure of working. In particular, in Japan, the businessmen who are working in Japanese company always have to work overtime up to night, they don’t have much time on meal, so the bento is convenient and important for them. Most of them can buy the bento in convenience stores, or the people who have already got married can take the bento which made by their wives. Most of married men who take the bento from the family will feel a sense of happiness. It can deepen the relationship between husband and wife, promote the families getting more harmonious and happy. Lastly, bento has a power invaluable. Most of schools in Japan implement activity that called bento no hi. It is a activity that let children buy the ingredients of food what they want to cook, and then cook by themselves and the parents just only tell them how to cook. It also promote the interaction between parents and children. In the school, the children will show their bento each other, and it let them know how hard cooking. It even promote that the part of children choose to research the diet or the work about the diet sell. From above all, it shows that the bento as a culture in Japan society how important. The bento has a close relationship with the Japanese culture and society. Food is full of the bento box indicates that a smart Japanese culture. Bridging culture is like a bento box that is full of so many things in a narrow space. It is not only the quantities of requirements, but also require the qualities. Except the reduced consciousness reflect the reduced things, in society, the team spirit of Japanese people and the spirit of seriousness are as well as a kind of reflection of reduced consciousness. In other words, bridging culture is very important for Japanese people. The bento culture can be seem from the Japanese reduced consciousness. How about bento in my country? In China, in fact, there is not having so many different kinds of bento. Most of people choose to eat in resturant, family, or fast food. In some ways, fast food is seen as a kind of bento. It has so many fast food stores in China, such as McDonald’s, KFC. Most Chinese students and young adults like eating these fast food. The most of fast food is cooked by fried, which is full of oil, fat, and salt. It is unhealth for body. If people eat it very much and very frequency, it will lead to caner even death. And the fast food is not fresh, in some ways, it maybe not very clean in the process of cooking. But why are so many people loving it in China? I think it is depends on the different country country has different diet culture. Japanese people love hanami in different seasons. Especially they enjoy sakura in spring. And of course, they will take the bento with them, and they eat the bento with their families or friends in the trees while they enjoy sakura. This is a special culture in Japan. They feel it can release the stress in the daily life when they eating bento in the sakura trees. Above all of the contents, bento has a long history in Japan, bento gradually develops an art , and a kind of driving force. According to the development of bento, it shows that the development and change of Japan society clearly. At the same time, it indicates that the outlook and attitude on life of Japanese people in nowadays. According to the bento, it make a close relationship between individual and society, and it make people know each other as well as. The bento culture is a backbone of Japanese culture, it is a impetus that promote the development in Japan. References: : 2008 : ,2009 (2010/3/10) (Wikipedia). http://ja. wikipedia. org/wiki. : 2008. How to cite The Bento as a Culture in Japan, Essay examples

Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession Essay Example For Students

Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession Essay Introduction In today’s world businesses and firms are required to uphold high levels of ethical behaviors for them to run successfully. There have been an overwhelming increased number of unethical behaviors in the accounting environment where a lot of accounting environment present accountants with many accounting dilemmas. Accountants handling any financial information such as companies financial statement must be operate out rightly in an ethical manner because such information is critical to a company’s well being both legally and in a business perspective and also in the accountants own perspective as it determines his compensation and promotional opportunities. In understanding such dilemmas that face accountants in their daily accounting duties, we study critically the case of Daniel potter, a qualified AICPA accountant working at barker Greenleaf Company. Dan has an acute familiarity with most of the professional guidelines that relate to morality as an accountant. This guideline not only defined his academic success but also his dignity as an auditor. However, he is faced with a situation where he is finding difficulty defining one of the ethical guidelines on materiality according to the AICPA guidelines. He clearly indicates that the valuation of the property has been altered and thus undervalued by up to 7% of its initial value. But as his boss, Mr. Freeman asks him to omit his subject-to-opinion proviso, Dan feels the ethical conducts are being violated and thus refuses to alter the financial statement or his recommendations. In light with his superiors opinions, Dan feels the need to be loyal but again he knows very well that the accounting profession must uphold what it believes in and in asking him to give a different opinion on his clients property valuation, he was in violation of such conduct. All accountants should at any one time in the business environment show an unwavering ethical behavior because â€Å"significant deficiencies† have been cited in line with individual accounting ethics. Such is Sam’s case with ruby. In this case, a professional accountant such as jimmy’s accountant is supposed to be conversant with all expertise knowledge associated with accounting according to professional accounting in the public interest, post Enron. Information such as taxation information should not have been a problem to Jimmy’s accountant as earlier seen which leaves Sam to share such vital information with ruby’s lawyer who not a rofessional in that capacity. Stakeholders involved Stakeholders are parties both internal and external who have who have any form of stoke in the business. Bottom line profits are not the only rationale behind which companies operate when it comes to stakeholder analysis. Stake holders may include managers, clients employees etc whose interest is deemed vital to the success of any business. In Dan’s case scenario, the stake holders include baker Greenleaf company and all its employees who are involved directly with its inside or outside dealings. The big eight accounting firm which ran audits for baker. The real estate subsidiary which dealt directly with baker Greenleaf is also a stakeholder. Jimmy also comes in as a main stakeholder in when he decides to buy out Ruby’s business. Though with some ill intentions, and his as accountant disclosing the fact that he wasn’t in fact aware of how jimmy’s off book revenues were being treated and they could amount to tax evasion which he intended ruby to fully shield incase the deal went through. And finally Sam who is supposed to play a third party role and advice ruby on how to handle jimmy’s buy out transactions. Its however critical to understand that the impact of stakeholders in meeting an organizations goal is critical to the organizations well being. According to chapter four of the professional accounting in public interest, the future success of any business depends on how well it’s able to meet its stakeholders’ ethical expectations. Ethical problems were potential problems for disaster in areas where they damaged part or all of the organizational reputation. Stakeholders such as freeman risk exposing the organization to clients who might easily judge them as account frauds. .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .postImageUrl , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:hover , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:visited , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:active { border:0!important; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:active , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The diary of anne frank by anne frank EssayCourse of action Any unethical behavior is always meant to benefit an individual or an organization at the expense of some aspect in the society. They further argue that accountants have the responsibility to follow all the generally accepted accounting ethics. Auditors are also obliged to put forward opinions that are fair to the financial statements they put forward. Dan’s cause of action therefore is bound by the ethical code of conduct that’s defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) whether it favors his superiors or not. If organizations cannot streamline their employees to follow such conduct however, it can choose to develop its own rules as long as they are in accordance to those put forward by AICPA. According to Osmond, such organizations may choose to come up with rules and regulations that govern their employees when it comes to handling certain vital financial information. Dan however lacks a venue to air his grievances because baker doesn’t have a board with which disciplinary measures can be taken on employees such as Freeman. However companies must make sure they enforce such laws and that they fully reprimand employees who fail to live up to the guidelines set. Having a strong disciplinary board is the only way such measures can bear fruit. In Dan’s case, having a board that is willing to take a stance against employees such as stakeholders such as freeman should produce appropriate solution. Such companies should resolve not to have any dealings with stakeholders who engage in inappropriate actions. Accounting as a profession should be founded by positive philosophy and only a positive philosophical approach is capable of accomplishing this. Dan’s stand to stick by his word is appreciated but his loyalty questioned. Such influenced should be pursued positively by baker. Plante and Moran, the ninth largest public accounting firm in the USA accredits one of its employees, Frank Moran, for having brought about change in a philosophical approach that has seen ‘revolutionary innovations’ among the workforce and the workplace in general, operating on solid social and ethical values. This can be borrowed by Dan whom, by standing by his decision can help revolutionalize the mentality held by long time serving accountants like freeman. Looking at the above case study, the four stakeholders clearly outline themselves. According to professional accounting in public interest post-Enron, this are divided into the four categories. †¢The self v/s others; this includes improper use of one’s influence and also misuse of information. Jimmy and Mr. Freeman fall into this category where they misuse the information given to them to mislead other stake holders. This should be addressed critically because it has a high influence on the overall welfare of the company. †¢Self and others v/s other; the areas affected by these stake holders include all services they offer to other stake holders. Dan and Freeman, Jimmy and his accountants, Sam Ruby and her lawyer are such stakeholders. This should also be tackled with urgency because some of the company stakeholders will feel shortchanged and should be ranked as high. †¢Client v/s client; areas affected include services they offer. Baker and the big eight accounting firm fall under this category. Should be ranked as high because any decisions taken by one client affects the other directly. †¢Employer v/s employer: areas affected include misuse of information and Dan and Freeman fall under this category. The board should address this directly in order to reduce the influence, especially negative ones, of some employees on others. Conclusion As seen earlier, most of the arguments support the upholding of accounting ethics by all practicing professional accountants regardless of their areas of profession.