Shrm and Strategic Fit Essays

Shrm and Strategic Fit Essays Shrm and Strategic Fit Paper Shrm and Strategic Fit Paper Presentation ‘Strategic human asset the executives (SHRM) is worried about the turn of events and usage of individuals techniques which are incorporated with corporate methodologies and guarantee that the way of life, qualities and structure of the association and the quality, inspiration and responsibility of its individuals contribute completely to the accomplishment of its goals’ Armstrong (1991, p. 81). While human asset the executives (HRM) centers around the potential and genuine profitable estimation of ‘human resources’ (HR) to an association achievement, SHRM takes an all the more since quite a while ago show center to underlining the need of HR plans and techniques to be planned inside the structure of by and large authoritative methodologies and destinations, and to be receptive to the changing idea of the associations outside condition. The accentuation of SHRM is on vital combination, which is coordinating HRM techniques to business methodology. Allude to Appendix 1 for the qualities of SHRM. Figure 1: Strategic arrangement among HRM and its inner and outer condition. Source: Nankervis, Campton and Baird (2002, p. 41) ‘SHRM is a model of training, which like all models, require understanding and adjustment by HR experts to guarantee the most reasonable arrangement or fit among HR and business techniques and plans’ Nankervis, Compton and Baird (2002, p. 42). Figure 1 above shows the vital arrangement of HRM and interior and outer condition. Allude to Appendix 2 for the purposes behind HR techniques. Figure 2: Gaining upper hand through SHRM Source: Fottler, Phillips, Blair and Duran (1990) Figure 2 gives a framework to deciding and concentrating on wanted results and envisioning fundamental HRM activities required for effective usage of a company’s business technique. This procedure stretch administration considering HR and impact choices influencing individuals. ‘The vital way to deal with HRM incorporates: ?Assessing the organization’s condition and mission ?Formulating the organization’s business procedure ?Assessing the HR prerequisites dependent on the proposed methodology ? Looking at the present stock of HR regarding numbers, attributes, and HRM rehearses concerning the key necessities of the association and its administrations or product offerings ? Defining the HR technique dependent on the contrasts between the new prerequisites and an appraisal of the present stock ? Executing the suitable HR practices to strengthen the technique and accomplish serious advantage’ Fottler, Phillips, Blair and Duran (1990). Vital Staffing is characterized by Mondy and Noe (2005, p. ) as ‘the process through which an association guarantee that it generally has the best possible number of workers with the suitable abilities in the correct activity, at the opportune time, to accomplish the organization’s objectives’. There are a wide range of kinds of choices that must be made identifying with an association staffing prerequisites. Associations need to settle on supplanting existing staff, giving preparing to the staff, choosing individuals wh o can adjust to the way of life of the association and proceeding and unavoidable change, advancing, moving, downgrading and discharging individuals from the workforce when settling on vital staffing choices. Key staffing is the way toward executing a game plan to make sure about the required ability through enrollment, determination, advancement and move. Vital staffing should be actualized for associations to get the ideal individuals at the correct time for accomplishing the objectives and goal of the association. Nankervis, Compton and Baird (2002, p. 79) expressed ‘HR arranging is to attempt to guarantee that authoritative destinations are met through the successful usage of the human asset of the association, considering changing conditions inside and outside specific organizations’. The staffing capacity envelops the usage of the HR arranging process. Systems like interior development make it crucial for associations to settle on key staffing choices. Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright (2006, p. 74) referenced ‘Growth necessitates that an organization continually recruit, move, and advance people, and venture into various markets may change the essential aptitudes that planned representatives must have’. To increase an upper hand this makes is significant for associations to understand the staffing needs and make vital setting up approaches in arrangement with the hierarchical methodologies. When staffing process is completed deliberately it guarantees directors that the organization’s HR would comprise not just of taught or gifted workforce. Talented and taught workforce can add to the powerful and effective execution and profitability of associations as this would assist associations with achieving an upper hand. Key execution the executives Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright (2006, p. 330) characterized execution the board as ‘the process through which directors guarantee that representatives exercises and yields are harmonious with the organization’s goals’. The point of execution the executives is to build up a culture in which workers assume liability for persistent improvement of business forms and their own aptitudes and commitments. Execution the executives is key to increasing upper hand. Execution the board have three sections, characterizing execution, estimating execution and taking care of back execution. Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright (2006, p. 330) expressed ‘performance the executives estimates execution through execution evaluations, which is the just a single technique for overseeing representative performance’. Execution the board has come to include substantially more than just examinations. ‘A significant pattern in execution the executives is that while worker evaluations are the core of execution the board, associations are currently incorporating various firmly related capacities including remuneration, progression arranging and objective administration into the presentation the executives process’ Loucks (2007). This comprehensive methodology empowers HR experts to oversee ability and supporting vital objectives to accomplish upper hand. The vital reason for execution the executives joins worker exercises to authoritative objectives and targets. Execution evaluations can be utilized to rouse and improve execution of workers. By distinguishing interior qualities and shortcomings supervisors can concentrate on regions where there is requirement for development to make an association to be profitable to accomplish the objectives and goals. Anthony, Kacmar and Perrewe (2002, p. 355) referenced ‘a very much structured execution evaluation framework can urge people to cooperate as a group. On the off chance that this is an authoritative objective, it must face a few difficulties in planning and executing such a system’. A successful exhibition the board can assist administrators with implementing systems. Execution assessments will have more noteworthy effect on technique usage when evaluators make important qualifications among various degrees of execution. ‘In an exceptionally serious information based economy, execution the executives is having its spot in meeting rooms the nation over. Confronted with pressures including the maturing workforce and abilities deficiency, officials are getting progressively associated with the exhibition the board procedure as they understand that first rate execution the executives systems can assist them with showing signs of improvement results for the company’ Loucks (2007). As Loucks referenced the vital significance of execution the executives are mounting. There is requirement for associations to follow frameworks that evoke work execution that is steady with the organization’s objectives and procedures as it causes organizations to increase upper hand. Vital human asset advancement (SHRD) Noe (2005, p. 45) characterizes key preparing and improvement as ‘learning-related exercises that an organization should take to help accomplish its business strategy’. SHRD is tied in with improving and enlarging the aptitudes of workers via preparing and improvement, by helping individuals to develop inside the association, and by permitting them to utilize their abilities and capacities to accomplish the vital objectives and destinations. The Figure 3 underneath is a model that shows the procedures of vital arranging that start by recognizing business methodology. Next, vital preparing and improvement activities that help the technique are chosen. Deciphering these key preparing and advancement activities into real preparing and improvement exercises is the subsequent stage of the procedure. The last advance includes the recognizing of measures used to decide whether preparing added to objectives identified with business procedure. Figure 3: The key preparing and advancement process Source: Noe (2005, p. 43) The vital preparing and improvement activities depend on the business condition, a comprehension of the company’s objectives and assets, a knowledge of potential preparing and advancement alternatives. Noe (2005, p. 45) referenced ‘strategic preparing and advancement activities give the organization guide to direct explicit preparing and improvement exercises. They likewise show how the preparation capacity will enable the organization to arrive at its objectives (and in doing as such, show how the preparation capacity will include value)’. Allude to Appendix 3 for the vital preparing and improvement activities and their suggestions. SHRD’s center is first around the strateg

Australia Visa System

Question: Examine about theAustralia Visa System. Answer: Presentation Defacto Partnership In the given case Jason Bourne is an Australian occupant who visited Europe and Britain on a visit for a time of two years. He met a lady named Emma Brielle who lives in France. Them two begin to look all starry eyed at one another and began living respectively. Following half year of their relationship, Jason came to realize that his mom was sick and he needs to visit Adelaide to see her. His mom died when he visited his home. After certain days, Jason moved toward an individual who has gotten relocation specialist enrollment to support Emma as his defacto mate. The individual prompts Jason on the accompanying elements: Prior to offering any guidance, it is important to think about De facto relationship, which is characterized under sec.4AA of the Family Law Act 1975[1]. It implies that when two individuals are in relationship and remains together without marriage. There is no base or greatest period for this relationship under the demonstration. As per the demonstration if an individual is legitimately hitched or is identified with one another by family than the related couple can't be treated as De-Facto accomplices. At the end of the day, De facto accomplices mean a life partner who remains with the other accomplice locally without marriage. It is legitimately worthy under Australian Law. Be that as it may, in the view purpose of Australian Federalism De facto accomplices must be legally acknowledged by the nation just when both the accomplices dwell in Australia as it were. As per Australian Federalism Emma doesn't qualify as Jasons defacto accomplice since she doesn't lives in Australia. For this situation, Jason has certain accessible alternatives dependent on which Emma can dwells with him as his defacto accomplice. The choices are as per the following: 1) Emma can apply for transitory Partner visa under subclass 820/801, which permits her to remain with him. 2) Emma can apply under subclass 457[2] to get a visa as an optional candidate. Under this condition, the individual needs to demonstrate that they are in accepted relationship for in excess of a time of a half year. Jason and Emma remain together in France for in excess of a time of a half year as accepted accomplices. 3) Emma can likewise apply under subclass 300. It is useful for the individual who is locked in to Australian resident. In the given case, Emma and Jason are not yet locked in. It is prudent for them to record the use of their relationship before applying under subclass 300. Various Types of Visas Available for Emma: As indicated by Australian Law, the guardians visa implies a visa, which permits guardians to remain in the nation with their youngster for a time of two years. To acquire this visa an individual needs to apply under subclass 143. In the given case, Emmas guardians endured fear monger assaults in France and lost their child in the assault. Emma looks for an exhortation with respect to the parent visas under Australian Law. Emma and Jason are currently hitched and they have a three years of age little girl. Emma has gotten her Australian citizenship. In view of this data Emma has certain choice for her folks, which are as beneath: To apply for parent class visas an individual needs to satisfy certain necessities: The individual ought to have a kid, which dwells in Australia and has a perpetual citizenship of the nation. The kid dwells in Australia at any rate for a time of two years. The individual has a support in Australia. The word support implies an individual who falls under the class of inhabitant or who has the perpetual citizenship of the nation. Parity of family test[3]. It implies when an individual has half of the kids who lives in Australia. In the given case Emmas guardians lost their child in the assault, presently they have just two little girls Emma and Michelle. Emma is the Australian inhabitant, which implies half of their kid is living in the nation. Choice of Best Option: There are sure visa alternatives which are accessible for Emmas parent with the goal that they can pick the best choice for them: To apply for visa choice under subclass 103[4] the parson must meet the equalization of family test, and the individual must have a support. The handling time for this kind of visa is thirty years. Thus, this choice isn't reasonable and fitting for Emmas guardians. To apply for visa under subclass 173 the guardians must meet all the prerequisites, which are referenced previously. In any case, the preparing time isn't referenced in the demonstration, the handling program happens each year. Henceforth, it is fitting for Emma parent to apply for this visa alternative as it were. Conditions for Family Visa: It is useful those individuals who needs to remember their relatives for the visa application. In [5]the given case, Emma Sister Michelle has lost her better half in the assault and now she is disregarded with her five years of age child in France. Emma needs to pick the visa alternative for her. A portion of the conditions are accessible for her, which are as per the following: As per Australian Visa Option, an individual can apply for the application under the head other relatives in their application structure. The relatives can be kin, guardians, uncle, auntie, etc. The individual needs to demonstrate its relationship before applying for the visa. The archives incorporate a duplicate of birth testament marked and confirmed by the power, private verification of the individual, the proof which affirms that the individual is absolutely reliant on the resident which implies that the individual has lost his/her accomplice. For this situation, the individual needs to present the passing declaration of the individual alongside different archives. Now and then the authority suggests DNA test on the off chance that if the individual doesn't have any confirmation or confirmations of their relationship. In the given case, Emma has all the applicable data and reports to demonstrate. Thus, she can document an application to carry her folks and sister to Australia. Commentaries and Bibliography: Boucher, Anna Katherine, and Terry Carney. Government disability for Migrant Workers and Their Families in Australia. Social Security And Migrant Workers: Selected Studies Of Cross-Border Social Security Mechanisms, R. Blanpain, P. Arellano Oritz, M. Olivier G. Vonk, eds., Kluwer(2014): 187-214. Breen, Fidelma. Australian Immigration Policy in Practice: a contextual analysis of expertise acknowledgment and capability transferability among Irish 457 visa holders.Australian Geographer(2016): 1-19. Carlos, Maria Reinaruth D. Multiculturalism Policies and the Stepwise International Migration of Filipino Nurses: Implications for Japan.Multiculturalism and Conflict Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 162-189. Faggian, Alessandra, Jonathan Corcoran, and Francisco Rowe. Assessing the impacts of Australian strategy changes on human capital: the job of an alumni visa scheme.Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy(2015): 0263774X15614755. Fletcher, Jay. Four different ways Australia executes refugees.Green Left Weekly1041 (2015): 12. Gao, Yi, and Tay TR Koo. Flying AustraliaEurope by means of China: A subjective examination of the components influencing voyagers' decision of Chinese bearers utilizing on the web remarks data.Journal of Air Transport Management39 (2014): 23-29. Horner, Jed, James G. Wood, and Angela Kelly. General wellbeing in/as national security: tuberculosis and the contemporary system of fringe control in Australia.Critical Public Health23.4 (2013): 418-431. McDonald, Peter, S. E. Khoo, and B. Edgar. The job of family relocation in Australias perpetual movement program.A report to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship(2013). Weber, Leanne, and Sharon Pickering. Developing Voluntarism: Technologies of expectation managementin Australian Border Controls.New Border and Citizenship Politics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 17-29.

American Involvment in World War I Essay Example for Free

American Involvment in World War I Essay This examination surveys American inclusion in World War I before military intercession, and how this prompted military mediation. So as to evaluate these causes, one must look at America’s contribution in the war before battle, the occasions that propelled America’s military intercession in the war, American feelings about the war before military mediation, and Woodrow Wilson’s activities before the war. Two sources utilized in the paper, America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience by Robert H.  Ziegler and Woodrow Wilson’s discourse to congress on April second, 1917 are assessed for their causes, qualities, purposes and constraints. The examination doesn't asses the pre-war circumstances of any nations yet the United States, and doesn't asses American military contribution during the First World War Summary Of Evidence Prior to 1917, America was at that point profoundly associated with the First World War, however they didn't have troops battling in the channels abroad. To begin with, American association in the war was absolutely as a maker and leaser to the Allied Powers. The war, while disastrous for the nations engaged with its decayed channel fights, gave America a galactic lift to its economy, from 2 billion dollars in traded materials in 1913 to almost 6 billion dollars in sends out in 1916. This financial blast was for the most part welcomed on by Britain’s reliance on American staples and produced products.. The monetary ties among America and Britain fixed with open membership credits. By 1917, Britain had acquired 2. 7 billion dollars from American banks. History specialist Paul Koistinen composed â€Å"Without American supplies, Britain couldn't proceed with the war; without American financing of practically 10$ million per day †¦ Britain would deplete its stores of gold and protections by March 1917. Its reliance was all out. Reducing obtainment . . . would create catastrophe in England† Originally, America sat idle however receive the benefit of â€Å"neutrality†. At the point when Americas turned their eyes to the phase of war in Europe, they were genuinely startled. One Chicago paper kidded â€Å"A generous statement of gratitude to Columbus for having found America†. This slant was resounded by numerous American residents, who demonstrated pride in President Woodrow Wilson’s choice to pronounce America a nonpartisan state in the war. Americans contemplations on the war lied in their bloodlines, as a greater part of Americans were relatives from either Allied or Central Powers countries. Most Americans, from the get-go in the war in any event, didn’t comprehend the war or why it was being battled, and were happy that America wasn’t included. Be that as it may, these strong Anti-Involvement assumptions started to blur after May 7 1915, the day of the Lusitania emergency. German U-Boats torpedoed and sunk a traveler liner in British waters, executing about 1,200 regular citizens, including 128 American residents. The homicide of these blameless people set off the first far reaching star war sentiments in Quite a while. This shock was legitimized, but on the other hand was elevated by sensationalist reporting that defamed Germans as savages and unhinged executioners. President Woodrow Wilson, observing this occasion and the shock it caused, cautioned the Germans that any further infringement of American rights would result in â€Å"Strict Accountability† for these activities. This, just as the grisly war delaying in Europe, raised the subject of military readiness in the United States. By 1916, master readiness assessment was across the board, as 135,000 supporters of growing the military walked on New York City’s fifth Avenue, for 12 hours. In Chicago, 130,000 phone administrators moved looking like an American banner, goose-venturing down State Street. In the appointment of 1916, Woodrow Wilson ran against Charles E. Hughes, who was sponsored by Theodore Roosevelt, previous president and ardent Allied Powers supporter, just as a promoter for military readiness. Woodrow Wilson won the political decision by just around 600,000 well known votes. Notwithstanding, these opinions were met with a similarly solid enemy of militarism power, saying that in a disorganized world, America must be a reference point and oppose entrance into war, and oppose building a huge military. Solid enemy of aggressive suppositions started to blur when British insight officials blocked a message sent from Foreign Secretary of the German Empire Arthur Zimmermann to the German represetative of Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. This scandalous proposition, known as the Zimmermann note, suggested that Mexico take up arms against the United States. All through America’s lack of bias in World War 1, President Wilson had gone about as a go between, however with strain working to a terminal level and with the Zimmermann note, Wilson had to request that congress support America’s military powers on April second 1917. Later around the same time, America sent its first military powers manages Evaluation Of Sources Robert H Zieger: America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience Origins-(2000) Zieger is a regarded work student of history Purpose-Provides a top to bottom glance at American contribution in the war. Worth The monetary insights and citations from different essential and auxiliary sources permit the peruser to assess the legitimacy of the cases Zieger makes. Restrictions doesn't give any new feelings or cases Woodrow Wilson, April second 1917 to congress to convince congress to bring the United States Origin-German antagonistic activities towards the United States Purpose-Persuade congress to proclaim war on Germany and the Central Powers Value-unmistakably plot Wilson’s reason’s for entering war Limitations-doesn’t clarify the hidden reasons for military intercession or weight from enormous business to pronounce war for entry Analysis America’s association in World War One started with delivering fundamental weapons and groceries for the Allied Powers, just as monetarily supporting the Allied nation’s governments. All through the war, the German Empire more than once acted combatively towards the impartial United States, sinking traveler lines , murdering American regular people. Strain with Germany likewise rose after the proposition to Mexico requesting that the Mexican armed force take up arms against the United States. These hostile German acts, be that as it may, would not have held as much impact as they did if American political assessments had not been moved by the German activities, the financial weight of close connections to the Allied countries, or social weight brought along by moving political mentalities. These all added to pressures developing in regards to American military association I World War One President Woodrow Wilson was a sturdy advocate of American lack of bias in the First World War for the practically the entirety of the war, yet the American political atmosphere at the time pressured him to disclose more than what would have been prudent.. He had the option to win this political decision in light of the fact that most voters at the time had ace lack of bias notions. In any case, Wilson considered his thin edge of triumph, and the Republican’s longing for a readied military. These desires were welcomed on predominantly by the Lusitania sinking. A significant advocate for mediation, the recently referenced Theodore Roosevelt, upbraided these demonstrations of the German Empire as demonstrations of theft. Roosevelt’s fame offered these expressions all around heard. This move in popular conclusion helped power President Wilson’s hand. America’s association in World War One preceding it passage in battle was very crucial, delivering a huge number of dollars’ worth of material for Britain and France, just as financing the war through little advances. This reliance was worked by J. P Morgan, who exchanged almost 3 billion dollars’ worth of merchandise with the associated powers. By 1917, America had contributed 2. 7 billion dollars in Britain alone. History specialist Paul Koistinen’s quote in regards to British reliance on American public expos how profoundly settled in America was with the war’s undertakings pre association. These measurements show that the unified forces were totally subject to American monetary help American companies had a gigantic measure of riches in the war, and in the event that they Allied forces lost the war, the entirety of their ventures would merit nothing, in light of the fact that the nations that had been answerable for reimbursing these obligations would not exist anymore. The war was negatively affecting the populaces of the warring countries, and the war was totally decayed. It wouldn't have been long until one side lost, and it was basic to American business that it was the Allied Powers. Had the associated powers lost to the focal forces, American financers would have lost 2. 7 billion dollars all in all, 2. 7 billion dollars that were expected to provide for American business, 2. 7 billion dollars that banks expected to remain in business. All through pre-inclusion America, as right on time as the beginning of the war, alleged â€Å"hyphenated Americans†, had suppositions on what side of the war to help, reliant on their nation of root. German-Americans, the biggest ethnic gathering at the time , bolstered what they thought of as their homeland, Germany, accordingly upheld the Central Powers. The second biggest ethnic gathering, Irish-Americans, considered Great To be as an oppressor, in this way were additionally supporters of the focal forces. In any case, most Americans at the time were still ace impartiality. A Chicago paper, communicating because of Columbus, composed an article on the gift of the Atlantic Ocean. This was a mainstream feeling at that point, and numerous Americans were glad for Wilson’s choice to be impartial. After the sinking of American sea liner Lusitania the help of lack of bias started to blur. Prior to the Lusitania calamity, be that as it may, 92 boats had been depressed by forceful German acti

The Salic Law - Early Germanic Law Code and Law of Royal Succession

The Salic Law - Early Germanic Law Code and Law of Royal Succession Definition: The Salic Law was the early Germanic law code of the Salian Franks. Initially managing criminal punishments and methods, with some considerate law included, the Salic Law developed throughout the hundreds of years, and it would later assume a significant job in the principles administering illustrious progression; explicitly, it would be utilized in the standard banning ladies from acquiring the royal position. In the early Middle Ages, when brute realms were framing in the wake of the disintegration of the western Roman domain, law codes like the Breviary of Alaric were given by regal announcement. The greater part of these, while concentrating on the Germanic subjects of the realm, were unmistakably impacted by Roman law and Christian ethics. The most punctual composed Salic Law, which had been transmitted orally for ages, is commonly liberated from such impacts, and in this manner gives a significant window into early Germanic culture. The Salic Law was first formally gave at the finish of the reign of Clovis in the mid sixth century. Written in Latin, it had a rundown of fines for offenses running from unimportant burglary to assault and murder (the main wrongdoing that would explicitly bring about death was if a bondsman of the ruler, or a leet, should steal away a liberated individual.) Fines for affronts and rehearsing enchantment were additionally included. Notwithstanding laws portraying explicit punishments, there were additionally areas on regarding summonses, the transference of property, and relocation; and there was one segment on legacy of private property that explicitly banished ladies from acquiring land. Throughout the hundreds of years, the law would be modified, organized, and re-gave, particularly under Charlemagne and his replacements, who made an interpretation of it into Old High German. It would apply in the grounds that had been a piece of the Carolingian Empire, most particularly in France. In any case, it would not be straightforwardly applied to the laws of progression until the fifteenth century. Starting during the 1300s, French lawful researchers started endeavoring to give juridical grounds to shield ladies from prevailing to the royal position. Custom, Roman law, and the religious parts of authority were utilized to legitimize this avoidance. Notwithstanding ladies and drop through ladies was particularly critical to the honorability of France when Edward III of England attempted to make a case for the French royal position through plummet on his moms side, an activity that prompted the Hundred Years War. In 1410, the principal recorded notice of Salic Law showed up in a treatise refuting Henry IV of Englands cases to the French crown. Carefully, this was not a right use of the law; the first code didn't address the legacy of titles. In any case, in this treatise a lawful point of reference had been set that would thenceforward be related with the Salic Law. During the 1500s, researchers managing the hypothesis of imperial force advanced the Salic Law as a fundamental law of France. It was utilized explicitly to deny the office for the French position of royalty of the Spanish infanta Isabella in 1593. From that point on, the Salic Law of Succession was acknowledged as a center lawful reason, albeit different reasons were likewise given for banishing ladies from the crown. The Salic Law was utilized in this setting in France up until 1883. The Salic Law of Succession was in no way, shape or form generally applied in Europe. Britain and the Scandinavian grounds permitted ladies to govern; and Spain had no such law until the eighteenth century, when Philip V of the House of Bourbon presented a less severe variety of the code (it was later revoked). Be that as it may, however Queen Victoria would rule over a huge British Empire and even hold the title Empress of India, she was banished by the Salic Law from prevailing to the position of authority of Hanover, which was isolated from Britains property when she became sovereign of England and was administered over by her uncle. Otherwise called: Lex Salica (in Latin)

SHADOWS ON THE SUN THE IMPERFECTIONS OF PLATONIC POLITICAL THEORY - Literature Essay Samples

SHADOWS ON THE SUN: THE IMPERFECTIONS OF PLATONIC POLITICAL THEORYby, Michael JinDecember 5, 2004Plato and Aristotle both reject the moral relativism of the sophists and address the question of how man can achieve absolute virtue. In The Republic, Plato constructs an existence proof, a kallipolis that produces philosopher-kings who grasp the eternal Good and rule benevolently. Aristotle discusses the kallipolis at length in The Politics, but much of his criticism concerns implementation. Still, Aristotle makes at least one worthy criticism of the theory, charging Plato with inappropriately misusing holism in assessing the happiness of the state. But Aristotle likewise fails to solve the underlying problem of ensuring complete happiness for all individuals; he ultimately constructs a political theory fundamentally similar to that of Plato.Plato postulates a tripartite soul with appetitive, spirited, and rational parts, corresponding to the producers, guardians, and rulers in the kalli polis (The Republic 435c-441c). Such a construction poses an apparent internal inconsistency. The guardian class, for instance, may represent only the spirited part, but individual guardians still possess all three soul parts. The inconsistency disappears if the kallipolis solely serves as a macrocosm of the soul, since a soul part only has that soul part. But a kallipolis qua polis needs to resolve the issue of how a spirited class can be composed of members that also possess desires and rationality.Plato defends his conception of the three classes by appealing to the idea of specialization of labor. He asks, [D]oes one person do a better job if he practices many crafts orsince hes one person himselfif he practices one? (370b). He adopts this economic principle for his kallipolis, assigning each inhabitant that function he is most naturally suited for (423d). In other words, Plato asserts that the producers should accept toil and pursue physical desires without need of significant mental edification, while the most rational souls should live an ascetic life. Under this framework, it makes sense that Plato denies money, property, and even travel to the guardians (419). For guardians to achieve maximum bravery and glory as required by their spirited souls, they must specialize and avoid distractions.But implied in the idea of specialization of labor is that certain activities are practiced at the expense of others. If Plato selects and cultivates the soul part that will provide maximum benefit to the kallipolis, Adeimantus can argue that Plato practices relative suppression of the other two parts, if they exist. Guardians, for instance, must be weaned from the appetitive desires (419). Adeimantus worries that such inhibition causes unhappiness. After all, Plato discourages the guardians from deriving ordinary pleasures like ownership (416-17). Adeimantus essentially points out that human nature, as defined by Plato himself, contains innate needs for things. He questions Platos implicit assumption that a proper environment, expressed by societal laws, can overcome such innate inclinations and change these desires towards better, higher objectives.If Plato were to label the kallipolis as theoretical and not subject to pragmatic concerns, the issue of how tripartite souls give rise to city segments behaving according to only one soul part would disappear. Guardians, under the influence of law, would let go of physical desires, a change that would allow them to achieve the greatest degree of happiness possible. But Plato expresses his own practical concerns when he states, Well say that it wouldnt be surprising if these people were happiest just as they are, but that in establishing our city, we arent aiming to make any one group outstandingly happy but to make the whole city so, as far as possible (420b). Plato concedes that guardians sacrifice at least a component of their happiness, since they are happiest in their original condition outsi de the kallipolis. He admits that the appetitive component of the soul cannot be excised without impacting happiness. But his reference to the happiness of the whole city seems vague. Plato means either that some holistic happiness exists even if no city part is happy, or that the decreased happiness of the guardians increases the happiness of the other classes and thus elevates the happiness of the entire city.Here Aristotle makes his major theoretical assault by interpreting Plato to have wrongly postulated a holistic happiness. Aristotle responds,Again, though he denies to the Guardians even happiness, he maintains that it is the duty of a lawgiver to make the whole city happy. But it is impossible for the whole to be happy, unless the majority, if not actually all, or at any rate some, parts possess happiness. For happiness is a very different thing from evenness: two odd numbers added together make an even number, but two unhappy sections cannot add up to a happy state. And if the Guardians are not happy, who will be? Certainly not the skilled workers and the general run of the mechanics (The Politics 1264b15).Aristotle here makes two points, which can be independently verified for fairness of treatment with regard to what Plato states. His first point contends that because happiness is an intrinsic quality, aggregating different souls of varying discontent cannot produce happiness. This point seems reasonable, but it only partly clashes with what Plato claims. Perhaps Aristotle was responding negatively to Plato for making the following analogy:Suppose, then, that someone came up to us while we were painting a statue and objected that, because we had painted the eyes (which are the most beautiful part) black rather than purple, we had not applied the most beautiful colors to the most beautiful parts of the statue. Wed think it reasonable to offer the following defense: You mustnt expect us to paint the eyes so beautifully that they no longer appear to be eyes at all, and the same with the other parts. Rather you must look to see whether by dealing with each part appropriately, we are making the whole statue beautiful. (420c-d)Aristotle has a valid criticism of Plato insofar as the latter means that happiness of a city can be closely compared to the beauty of a statue. To be beautiful, the statue must be appreciated by the eye of a beholder. Purple eyes would ruin the effect; holistically viewing the statue makes sense. But happiness of cities must be judged by different criteria than that applied at art galleries. Whereas beauty may be an external state to be seen, happiness is an internal state to be experienced. As Aristotle suggests, happiness cannot be compared to evenness, which can result from odd numbers. Rather, happiness of the city is equal to the sum of the happiness of its parts. Plato, however, proceeds to defend the idea that having one section of the populace too happy would ruin the happiness of other sections. Aris totle, perhaps addressing this further Platonic idea, makes the second point: if the guardians are not happy, then the producers cannot be happy either. His assertion appears tangential and unsupported. In any case, he misses the real Platonic argument: You mustnt force us to give our guardians the kind of happiness that would make them something other than guardiansyou surely see that theyll destroy the city utterly, just as they alone have the opportunity to govern it well and make it happy (420d-1a). Implicitly, Plato argues that guardians who regularly indulge in appetitive aims would not be guardians anymore, but among the common producers. He has a strict sense of what a guardian can permissibly do while remaining effective. Furthermore, Plato states that it is not so much a question of whether other classes will be happy if guardians are less than perfectly happy, as Aristotle charges, but of whether the city can exist at all if normal pleasures corrupt the guardians. Plato s eems to envision an extremely slippery slope, with guardians as shepherds and normal people as sheep. If the shepherds were to lower their vigilance and enjoy materialistic pleasures, the sheep would certainly be taken by the wolves of anarchy. Aristotle does not directly refute Plato on whether such a complete deterioration would occur. But in supporting the kallipolis against objections on happiness, Plato takes the rather rigid position that even small deviances would destroy the city, and thus less than complete happiness should be tolerated, since a stable city is happier than total chaos. Thus, the result emerges that the happiest city cannot contain maximally happy individual. Though Aristotle does not treat Plato fairly, his critique points out individual souls cannot benefit from a mysterious holistic happiness. Without that condition, Plato must resort to his argument that he sacrifices some individual happiness for utilitarian reasons of preserving the state. Aristotle re cognizes that unhappiness results from suppression of soul parts. He criticizes practices like sharing of women among guardians because he does object to pleasure to the same degree (1262a32). He does not see the Platonic slippery slope. But Aristotle, in the same breath, argues that a community of wives and children may be suitable for the agricultural class (1262a40). He argues that if producers have less affections, they will more likely to obey their rulers. Aristotle here uses the same logic as Plato: he sacrifices the lower forms of fulfillment for the interests of stability. In other words, he values lack of revolt more than individual happiness=2E Aristotle ultimately rejects communal sharing of wives and children for inclusion in his political theory; he observes that ownership and pleasure strengthen interpersonal bonds that bind the state (1262b3). Unlike Plato, he believes the maximally stable and good state can be achieved with less extreme measures. In addition to acce pting a role for appetitive desires for citizens, Aristotle provides more room for them to realize their highest faculty, reason=2E He recognizes that the virtues of a good citizen and a good man are not the same, for the former possesses only correct opinions and obedience, while the latter has practical wisdom (1277b16). Aristotle emphasizes the role of rule, or employing practical wisdom, for human virtue and he extends the ability widely for certain constitutions, especially in the polity. Plato, on the other hand, sees rule as more of a necessity, not something fine (540b). As such, Aristotle pays more attention to human nature and sees cases when it may be beneficial to promote expression of higher faculties for more people. But it can be argued that Aristotle differs only quantitatively with his vision of man and the state, but not qualitatively. Aristotle does not recognize the full capacity to reason and rule in everyone, especially slaves (1255b4). Like Plato, Aristotle ha s an essentially elitist worldview, in that he believes most men should not rule (1277b33). First, most men need to toil for the prosperity and stability of the state and, as such, have no time to nurture higher virtues (1278a13). Second, if a god among men exists (1284a3), simply gifted men should not rule even if they could, because such rule would be less likely to produce a state that promotes living well (1280b29). For these two reasons, Aristotle would support a kingship over constitutions that distribute rule more widely among the more mediocre. But he still recognizes the essential compromise: Is then the fifth alternative better, that one man, the most worthy, should rule? But this is yet more oligarchical, because it leaves still larger numbers without honour (1281a28). In other words, Aristotle has not discovered a state that allows everyone to express all natural capacities while still promoting maximum stability and optimum rule.Despite this failure, Aristotle does a mo re practical version of governance, including the polity as more realistic alternative to the kingship or aristocracy. Applying a standard of implementability, Aristotles polity falls short. However, political theory arises from the constraints of reality and the difficulties of human nature. By such a standard, Aristotle often succeeds, even triumphs.

Introducing Halal Meat Based On Blue Ocean Strategy Business Essay - Free Essay Example

This reports sets out the detail explanation over blue ocean strategy, highlighting the key main areas to be the market nicher. In order to be successful companies have to think beyond competition with their competitors. The report highlights the rule of game need to be set to redesign its current market strategies to the dynamic blue ocean. The report will show elements which when employed helps and organization to shift from its current strategy and create its own Blue Ocean. It will provide an insight of dynamics market, showing a comparison between red ocean strategy and Blue Ocean strategy. An analysis between both the theories will ascertain the success or failure of business in this corporate world. By injecting the idea of Halal meat, a slaughtering method in which meat has been proved hygienic, in countries where the consumption of Kocher meat is high. The idea has several benefits: cost, health and well being with customers value addition. Blue ocean strategy is the source of highly profitable growth where Companies challenge an industries conventional wisdom and achieve the long term monetary benefits. Although there is less walk in customers initially but based on the concept and mantra laid down in Blue Ocean strategy this can led to success. Its benefits, along with conclusion and disadvantages of Blue and Red Ocean Strategy will be discussed in detail. Blue Ocean strategies are progressively being used by groups all across the world. This is because of the long term profits that have been recognized to drift towards the organization. Key Area of Research The main source of research is based on the book well written by Mr. W. Chan Kim and Renà ©e Mauborgne Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and make the Competition Irrelevant. Author have focused on the real life practices of the corporate world and explained how those companies have developed their own Blue Ocean. Other source of research includes lectures, journals, reference books and publication in cover papers. A survey has also been conducted to support the idea where around 100 people with different buying habit were questioned and public opinion over the use of Halal products as replacement of Kocher meat was asked. For assistance volunteers has designed a questionnaire for people considering the topic in context to determine whether the innovative idea would be an acceptable, healthier and hygienic solution without aggrieving religious susceptibilities of people to which most of people agreed to give their response to consumer panel. Findings based on above survey and questionnaire envisages the fact that not only Muslims prefer halal food even Jews prefer it over Kocher after informing them about its benefits and similarities exist in the concept of slaughtering referring with Hebrew Bible. The Halal meat will eliminate health issues, hygienic and will be the respectful humane way of killing an animal to consume its meat. Moreover Halal meat has requisite to raise animal reared on grasses instead of junk supplements. The blue ocean strategy proved to be of great insight as it resolved many societal and religious issues of people, its structure and of its enactment. Critical Discussion of Strategic Models According to well known authors and lecturers the best way to have an edge over your competition is to stop attempting to beat the competition. As per Mr. W. Chan Kim and Renà ©e Mauborgne , whole market is based on these two strategies i.e. Blue ocean strategy and Red ocean strategy. Red ocean strategy is becoming bloody day by day and companies management need to be more accustomed with Blue ocean strategy than current customs manager is used to. Red ocean strategy is representation of products which are in existence where as blue ocean strategy represent products or services which does not exist. Approach that creates value in product is hidden in complementary product and services. The success is to define and describe the solution customer think while selecting a product or service. Best and simple way is to think what a customer would think while buying product and his reaction after using that commodity. In red ocean strategy the ambits and limits are clearly defined and co mpanies accept it willingly. Based on Blue ocean strategy the companies should never outsource things in which they have core competencies. An artist will not let his idea to be painted with other artist. Same as the putting the feet in every shoe vis-a-vis story of strategy maker. To increase the quantum of Blue Ocean, Companies shave to do revers engineering. Instead of focusing over their prospective customer, they need to look at non customer. Companies who approached for product differentiation need to build on powerful commodities in what buyer value. Red ocean strategy following companies uses conventional approach to beat competition by developing position with in existing market. Contrarily operating in Blue ocean strategy do not fight over petty issues, they look beyond cat fights over profits. In other words, instead of focusing or introducing a product or service which eliminate the chances of moving toward supplementary items of competitors. Mr. W. Chan Kim and Renà ©e Mauborgne have termed Blue ocean strategy as value innovation. Value without innovation focuses only on creating value on incremental basis. This means that change can lead to upward trend but a slow pace, based on which survival is big issue. Simultaneously innovation without value seems to be technological change or pathetic concept or customers are unwillingly to adopt or accept innovation. Thereafter according to author Companies can attain value innovative when they are able to link innovation with: Utility Price Cost Adoption Blue ocean strategy is new concept where Organization asks variety of questions from them to achieve niche market share where other organization have not started venture. Authors have defined a framework depending on four questions: Which factor should eliminate industry takes for granted? (Incase of Halal meat research health factor is taken for granted.) Which of industries below standard factor should be reduced? (In case of Halal meat the clotting in meat has been reduced as compared to Kocher meat) Which of industries above standard factor should be raised? (Here uniqueness and demand can be raise by obtaining certification from authorities) Factors to be introduce which are never offered before. (Punched meat in clean and hygienic manner in front of customer) Kim and Mauborgne discussed that high performance cannot be achieved using strategies based on traditional competency. To earn more profits opportunist or entrepreneurs need to develop blue oceans. The authors explains that many companies have traditional belief of competing with the others in the market fro survival and they are forced to do so, termed as structuralism. To remain in the market, business gurus of red ocean strategy focus on making profit through competition, usually by evaluating what opponents are doing and striving hard to do better. In these circumstances, having or attaining a bigger share of t he industry is seen as a game where utility is balanced in which the organization achieved an increment in the deficit of another organization. Due to which the equation of supply becomes the variable component explain strategy in competitive market. Where, associated cost are considered as trade-offs and a company selects a unique cost or unique position. This is because the total earning level of the targeted industry is also determined by essential factors, companies ultimately seek to obtain and redistribute capital other than creating wealth. They prefer Red Sea, where there is limited growth Blue Ocean Strategy, however, based on the view that the limits of the market and the structure of the industry can not be given and can be rebuilt from the acts and assumption of market players. This idea is termed as reconstruction by the authors. Assuming that the market structure and limits exist only in the minds of managers and professionals who hold this view do not let current m arket structures limit their thoughts and creativity. This, in reply, requires a shift in attention to demand from supply, to focus on innovation value from a focus on competition which a source to create new demand. This is achieved through surveys, experiment and research at a time of low cost and diversity. As the market norms relating to cost and equilibrium have been broken, what will be the rules of the game? Competition in that is irrelevant. New wealth can be generated by raising the demand Due to which companies can play non sum zero game, with more perks and returns. Implementing blue ocean strategy does not mean a company need huge fund to launch a new strategic model in market to attain profit in near future. However companies can purchase their route to the blue ocean through research and development. From bookish point of view, this is possible, but ignores some precautions of Blue Ocean Strategy. Development over innovation is warned because the new product can be thrown out of the market by providing product for which customer is not ready to pay for it. Moreover a dependeum pendulum needs to be established between cost and price. Therefore, investing much over research and development could find a Blue Ocean, but will not guarantee success. But chances of failure increases. Basic principle and the most significant of companies strategic requirement to be determined before investing money in its development. A company thinking to recreate a blue ocean should ensure that these number of compromises is less than the satisfaction of customer which must be maximum. Last but not the least, Blue Ocean bringing of new factors never been introduced ever. This will ensure that company seek to be different among the market people and have to move one step ahead of red ocean strategy. In the context to differentiation of market and letting costs down, the above two questions would help in driving the costs at minimum while the other increase value for buyer. If four factors use in conjunction the competition will be irrelevant. However in todays world, developing and maintaining a blue ocean market is complicated. This is due to enormous entrants in the market and cut throat competition based on which things become common and Blue Ocean turns in to red ocean strategy. Key findings and practical implications on the company Creating a new business environment based on blue ocean strategy always has inherent risk. Every concept or idea has risk which needs to be addressed at initial stage in order to capitalize over it as savior and get maximum benefits with idea. There are many questions which need to be answered before the execution of concept. Blue ocean strategy assists companies in responding those concerns: Ask is there a buyer utility available? Will it unlock exceptional utility? Is there a reason people will prefer over other commodity to buy? If these are absent, there is not any potential in market to start Blue Ocean. For the purpose of this assignment I have targeted the meat industry and meat lovers in UK. In course of survey I have came across different slaughtering houses and consumer buying meat. However they have one thing in common they are being sold to the public at large with out considering religious susceptibilities of residents. e.g. The idea move around the conc ept moving around ease of access of Halal food which is healthy and hygienic and does not affect religious susceptibilities of people scientifically proven. Following are the four areas explained earlier during the critical analysis of model: Utility: The question that organization need to know whether this innovation in marketwill generate utility and get buyers satisfaction. On conducting survey of 100 people belonging to different religious background 64 people like to have meat healthier and juicy, with mild redness on meat. People who were questioned with different background is as follows: S.No Religious Background No. of people Muslims 42 Christians 18 Jews 30 Other 10 The reason behind introducing this concept was Muslim usually prefers Halal meat and they have to travel a lot to purchase this. Meanwhile the concept of Slaughtering is more or less common in Hebrew Bible and Holy book of Muslims.Jews and others after being convinced on the usefulness of Halal food changed their perception and showed willingness to buy if introduced. Price Generally availability of meat without clotting and mild color meat require travel to remote areas, which significantly increase cost to travel. In order to achieve equilibrium people prefer that buy in bulk to reduce their fixed over heads. However their holding and storage cost increases. Cost Before moving to cost, the in-depth analysis of costing need to be done. Again comparing the cost of Halal food and other meat, the cost are relatively same. The per unit cost would be increase by hiring a person slaughtering animal contrarily the same per unit cost would be reduced by saving machine hour of slaughtering. Adoption Final question required to be answered is problem that will show upon implementation of this venture. The first and most important is to create the horizon that is benefited to customer and safe valuable time. This can be achieved by applying modern slaughtering method. Figure 1-1 an analysis of new business launches has been shown by researcher. The survey involved 108 companies, of which 86% have opted red ocean strategy; i.e. vertical integration to the existing demand. As explained, the revenue impact based on red ocean business startup is higher than organization generating sales than Blue Ocean strategy implementers. However, the effect of Red Ocean practicing companies on their gross profit; which of course any profit seeking organizations goal is, was less than those generated from Blue Ocean. Key conclusions student learned and success of group endeavors After considering both the options i.e. Red ocean strategy and Blue ocean strategy, it is much better than red ocean strategy, but it is hard to come across with the new one. Blue ocean strategy has its certain limitations which affect the ups and down of organization seek to earn profit through Blue ocean strategy. As we all know that strategy implementation is not a piece of cake. The organization need to be smart with high objectives to attain goals and striving hard to attain dominant position. If they fail to apply Blue Ocean strategy successfully this would turn in to red as the opponents will use up their ideas. Some more limitation like disclosure of sensitive information would make it common and leadership in certain commodity may be loosed. In that case companies usually get their patents registered with authorities, so no one misuse that and if they want to opt this idea, they will have to pay royalty to Company. Brand and negotiation are not considered relevant in bl ue ocean strategy, due to which key to success cannot be achieved. Blue ocean strategy is more a strategy and is tool to brand a concept successfully with highly improved ideas. As a group we conclude that organization exist in Red ocean strategy and all of them have capacity and skills to compete in existing market of Red ocean strategy. What they need is to learn Blue ocean strategy and get what they need to do is gear up their skills and make more profit by raising innovation. How individual contribution impacted the group Group project help us to develop group of skills that increasingly important in corporate world. The best part was structuring these group properly based on which the task were been completed smoothly, relevant to both group and individual including skills to: Break down job into pieces and part. Proper time management Crystallizing ideas through group discussion and explanation Debate over assumptions and methodology Developing skills of communication Group projects have helped us to develop our individual capacities to: Tackle problematic situations Delegate task and roles Diversified portfolio Making a pool of knowledge management Own things and held accountable for task performances Moral and social support Make person problem solving After group discussion key points were noted and conclusion was drawn considering all circumstances. Discussion and meeting were well organized and every one in the group was distributed notices and agenda before meeting specifying: Why are we meeting? What will be discussed? Action taken on points previously considered? Giving task for future on research topic and set deadlines. By following these steps, the group was moving on the right track and was allowed to give their inputs if required. Due to which quality material on concept of Blue ocean strategy and related research was prepared. This was achieved only by each members contribution to work and give as many ideas he can which were rated down according to their significance and usefulness.

5 Tips for Reading Shakespeare

Movie Reviews on Building Germanys Holocaust Memorial

The twentieth century war memorial is simply designed. It is simple in the emotions it raises. The monument standing on a rough piece of land the stelae nearly falling in to the centre of the position; then rising up again to the edge to form a myriad of crooked stone corridors. The passage along the corridor is scary and disorienting. The slanting ground and being short of vision offers various idea of Jewish incident from the World War II. Eisenman in the holocaust Memorial project has gained credibility which stems from his Jewish origin. The protestors of this work have been numerous. Peter Eisenman is an American Jew and architect who finalized the design of Germanys Holocaust Memorial in 1999. The work was through by 2005, a complete city block covered, in large concrete block and seemingly haphazardly constructed. It had some of it ‘stelae’ on the ground and others stand upright to the height of 4.7 meters. There were 2,711 pillars which were planted close in undulating waves. This is a representation of six million Jews who were murdered by Hitler administration. Peter Eisenman’s documentation chronicles of a major public sculpture located in the centre of Berlin. He shows brilliance in the face of controversy and critique, most of which disappeared with dedication of the memorial. It is special credit to Eisenman for keeping the design of the monument from the traces of Kitsch. The memorials have increased conscience and politics in the international arena the construction is the most controversial part of architecture. There are stelae that vary in heights. The access to the field is through a crisscross of narrow pavement which is barely three feet in width. It is a space enough for a person to pass through at a time. ‘The Memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe’ is the name given to the site. The main purpose of the memorial is to keep the memories of crimes committed during the years of Hitler, thus the importance of keeping the memorial in a prominent place in the middle of the German capital, the exact place where the Nazis had deliberated the genocide. Work Cited Building Germanys Holocaust Memorial Documentary by Peter Eisenman

Essay on Madness and Ambition in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

â€Å"Even the noblest men can be seduced by power; it has the power to kill, to distort, and to corrupt† Through this passage, Matthew Sims captures in essence how individuals often turn to betrayal and deception in order to gain their heart’s desires. This characteristic is not only present in life, but can also be seen in modern and classical literature, including the well known work of Julius Caesar. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, the lust for power transcends any one individual and ultimately leads to death and corruption of not only Caesar, but also of Brutus and Cassius. The play begins with Caesar parading through the streets of Rome as he triumphs in his victory over Pompey. However, Brutus, Cassius, and many others hatch a plot to†¦show more content†¦By ignoring the decrees of the Republic in an effort to become an autocrat, he undermined the Roman political system through murder, deceit, and lawlessness. However, moral integrity is not the only thing lost by Gaius Julius Caesar. As previously stated, a person’s greed often leads to their demise. This is most evident with Caesar himself. Caesar was willing to betray Pompey, his once friend and ally, in order to gain sole control over the Republic. In fact, Caesar’s drive to control the city began to evoke the jealousy and fears of many of the inhabitants, â€Å"You showd your teeth like apes, and fawnd like hounds, and bowd like bondmen, kissing Caesars feet. (Shakespeare Act V, Sc.I, lines 47-48). Ultimately this authority causes Brutus to come to the conclusion that Caesar’s tyranny must be prevented through his death (Sims). Caesar’s newfound power put Brutus, his former supporter, in a position where the only way to save the republic would be to depose of its current leader. Caesar’s demise was indirectly caused by his hunger for power, which caused Brutus to kill him in order to stop the would be dictator (Sims). The idea of d eposing Caesar spread like wildfire through the Senate and eventually escalated into murder. Clearly, it was Caesar’s desire to command those around him that in due course led to his death; however, he alone is not theShow MoreRelated A Comparison of the Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar and Hamlet in Hamlet2791 Words   |  12 PagesThe Characters of   Brutus and Hamlet in Hamlet and Julius Caesar  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Written one year apart from the other, one cannot fail to recognize the parallels between William Shakespeares tragedies Julius Caesar and Hamlet. To begin, they are both stories of assassinations gone horribly wrong. Although the details of the plays are different, the two assassins (Brutus and Hamlet) provide interesting comparison. Through these two killers, Shakespeare reveals the different levels of justice; one’sRead MoreCompare and Contrast Between Shakesperean Tragic Heroes1386 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare Tragic Heroes: Macbeth and Brutus Kyla Yu English 11 August 4th, 2008 William Shakespeare is a world renowned English poet and playwright famous for many tragic plays such as Macbeth and Julius Caesar. These two plays both contain tragic heroes with Marcus Brutus from Julius Caesar, and Macbeth from Macbeth. A tragic hero is defined as a protagonist of high standing with heroic or potential heroic abilities who must oppose some external or internal force. A tragic hero needs to haveRead MoreEssay about Politics and Love in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra2222 Words   |  9 PagesPolitics and Love in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Although the political struggles in Antony and Cleopatra are often treated as backdrops to the supposedly more engaging love affair between the two title characters, these struggles permeate the entire play, and give the love story its heightened sense of importance and tragedy. The relationship between Antony and Cleopatra would not have attained its renown and immortality had they not had been extremely powerful and public figures. TheRead MoreBetrayal and Loyalty in Shakespeares plays3231 Words   |  13 PagesAP English Literature Composition March 14, 2012 Betrayal and Loyalty in William Shakespeares Plays William Shakespeare is one of the most recognized playwrights in the history of man. People have analyzed every sentence of his works and have taken note of the various styles used in his writing. Ironically enough, little is known about Shakespeares personal life. It is assumed, however, that like other literary writers, Shakespeare relates occurrences in his life into his writing. The averageRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 PagesMacbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for power. The play is believed to have been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most commonly dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what was probably Shakespeare s play is April 1611, when  Simon Forman  recorded seeing such a play

The Apology By Bernard Of Clairvaux - 1143 Words

Luxury played an immense role in medieval Catholicism by taking the focus from God and placing it on the acquisition of riches and glory, which is shown by these sources: The Apology by Bernard of Clairvaux, The Book of Suger by The Abbot Suger and Guilty Pleasures: Luxury in the Middle Ages. These sources demonstrate the exorbitant manner that the churches and monasteries were being built in during that time. This not only drew attention away from the real reason for these buildings, but also was a form of idolatry for these monks, despite the honest intentions of some of them, including the Abbot Suger. Each source lends different insight into the corruption of the church during this medieval period. Apology by Bernard of Clairvaux†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In short, so many and so marvelous are the various shapes surrounding us that it is more pleasant to read the marble tanthe books, and to spend the whole day marveling over these things rather than meditating on the law of God†1 Bernard realized that despite their best efforts, the monks of Cluny could not help but be distracted from God by the riches. Therefore, he tries to bring this to attention in his writing. Another criticism that Bernard brings up in his writing is the integration of the Cluniac monks into society. He mentions that the Cluniac monks are using luxury for the acquisition of more riches, as well as for the attraction of more wealthy benefactors. He asks the Cluniac monks what they are expecting to receive for their efforts, â€Å"Admiration from the foolish? Offering from the ignorant? Or scattered as we are among the gentiles, are we learning their tricks and serving their idols?â⠂¬ 1 Bernard brings up a good point, which is that the Cluniac monks are becoming too worldly. They are becoming too focused on the contributions that they will receive from the world, in order to decorate their churches and monasteries. They are forgetting that they became monks to leave the world behind. The Abbot of Suger has a very contradictory view towards the luxury, which he expounds upon in The Book of Suger. He states the reasoning for the beginning of the luxury that was lavished upon the buildings. In the twenty-third year of

Analysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry Men free essay sample

Analysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry Men Introduction The film â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† directed by Sidney Lumet illustrates many social psychological principles. The tense, gripping storyline that takes place in the 1950s features a group of jurors who must decide unanimously whether a young man is guilty or innocent in the murder of his father. At the beginning, eleven of the twelve jurors voted guilty. Gradually, through some heated discussion, the jurors are swayed to a not-guilty verdict. Upon examination, the film highlights social psychology theories in areas of conformity and group influence. Theories and Application Conformity Conformity, a change in one’s behaviour or belief to correspond with others (Myers, Spencer, amp; Jordan, 2009), is without a doubt dangerous in the context of this film. â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† exhibits two types of social influences that are the grounds of the jurors’ need to base their decisions on the decisions of fellow jurors in the room: informational social influence and normative social influence. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry Men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to informational social influence, one conforms because they believe other’s views or understanding of an uncertain situation is more superior or compelling than their own. Normative social influence states that individuals conform because they have a desire to gain approval and avoid rejection from others. A classic example of conformity reveals itself right from the beginning of the film after the accused’ trial adjourns. The twelve jurors gather in a small, stuffy room and take a preliminary vote by a show of hands. Normative social influence is characterized by several of the jurors who seemed unsure of their vote but eventually give in to the pressure of the group and vote guilty. Because this vote is taken openly, these individuals perhaps feel inclined to cast their vote with the majority in an effort to avoid appearing deviant. This is particular in the line judgement study done by Solomon Asch. Like 37% of participants in Asch’s experiment, the more hesitant jurors choose to make a decision that coincides with the majority ven though they are experiencing uneasiness and conflict with this decision (Walker amp; Andrade, 1996). Perhaps the power of the need to feel accepted is most evident in the character of juror number two, a rather meek and hesitant individual, who during several occasions of being confronted by more strong-willed or hostile jurors, displays quick retreat in his subtle opinions. Informative social influence is also apparent in â€Å"Twelve Angry Men†. Juror number twelve, a well-dressed, advertising businessman for â€Å"Rice Pops† exhibits a character that is easily-swayed by convincing arguments from both sides. He first changes his vote from guilty to not guilty after juror number five’s demonstration with the switchblade only to change his vote again after he is overwhelmed with â€Å"evidence that he is unable to arrange in order. † His inability to explain his reasons for his decisions to change his votes demonstrates the complication of the situation as well as his own feelings of incompetency (Myers, Spencer, amp; Jordan, 2009). Instead, juror number twelve relies on the arguments of other jurors and changes his votes according to the credibility of other’s judgments. Group Influence There is no doubt that people are often susceptible to conformity. However, another closer look at â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† reveals more than just social influences. We continue to see how groupthink, group polarization, and minority influence influences each and every character. Let us not overlook the obvious fact that there is one key individual throughout this film. If he had not withstood his decision to discuss the trial further, there would have been no point in the film. In fact, without a dissenter amongst the group, the jurors is more than likely to engage in groupthink, a theory that suggests a type of thinking that overrides what is realistic for the sake of group unity. The influence of the deviant juror has allowed, most importantly, an exposure to differing opinions. Juror number eight, our deviant juror, proves to be an effective minority influence. His consistency in his convictions for a fair assessment of the trial and his unwavering, yet objective confidence makes him a powerful one man influence on the group’s ultimate decision (Sloan, Berman, Zeigler-Hill, amp; Bullock, 2009). Conclusion â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† not only highlights the fragility of justice, but also the flaws of human nature. We would think that twelve men, though with different backgrounds but with a seemingly good grasp of the situation and sound minds, would come together and provide a fair and just verdict. However, the film has certainly demonstrated the dangers and limitations of conformity and group influence. In the place of these men, we are probably no different than they are. Very few of us would find ourselves in the position played by the deviant juror and it would have been, of our very doing, an inevitable death sentence on a possibly innocent young man. An awareness of these social psychology theories is valuable and essential in the understanding of why we think and behave the way we do. Works Cited Myers, D. G. , Spencer, S. J. , amp; Jordan, C. H. (2009) Social Psychology (4th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Sloan, P. , Berman, M. , Zeigler-Hill, V. , amp; Bullock, J. (2009). Group influence on self-aggression: Conformity and dissenter effects. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(5), 535-553. Walker, M. B. , amp; Andrade, M. G. (1996) Conformity in the Asch task as a function of age. The Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 367-372.

European Exploration Dbq free essay sample

He result if European exploration in the early modern time period between 1450 and 1750 negatively impacted the foreign nations that it came in contact with by exhibiting various failed labor systems, countries restricting foreign interaction as well as trade and the rise of the Portuguese in the Atlantic Slave Trade. One effect of the expansion of Europeans was various unsuccessful labor systems in the Americas, Antonio Vazquez De Espanola, a Spanish missionary, expressed his opinion about the corrupt Mitt system that dictated the labor force at the Pots mines in Peru, 1622.This works out very badly, with great losses and gaps in the quota of Indians, the villages being depopulated; and this gives rise to great extortions and abuses on the part of the inspectors toward the poor Indians. Espanola describes the losses from the elected Indian representatives that created gaps in the Spanish expectation of tributary labor and silver production guaranteed by the Indians. We will write a custom essay sample on European Exploration Dbq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The immense diffusion of European culture and technology eventually lead foreign countries to reject Westernizes and restrict confrontations between themselves and the West. Although many countries continued to adopt the Spanish silver currency and participated in the Atlantic Slave trade, they dismissed the revolutionary philosophies and selectively chose the Europeans advancements in technology.Outgas limiest, a Japanese shogun, issued and Closed County Edict to two commissioners of Nagasaki in 1635, it read, No Japanese is permitted to go abroad, If there are any Southern Barbarians who propagate the teachings of padres, or otherwise commit crimes, they may be incarcerated in prison, limiest further writes a list if rules outlining how the Japanese deal with foreigners and procedures or those who confront them, all resulting in negative enforcement.The lack of effective labor in the Americas motivated the Portuguese to salvage suitable workers in Africa as well as recruiting the N ative Americans, consequently leading to the Atlantic Slave Trade. In a Benign saltcellar in the 16th century, an unknown African artist sculpted a earn that portrayed Portuguese men whom wielded both a sword and a captured African. The physical characteristics of the African was very dissimilar in comparison to the Portuguese, as well as the differentiated clothes that each was wearing.Abducting Africans to sell in the Atlantic Slave trade was a common practice in this time, an Banana King wrote to a French member of an English slave trading expedition, negotiating to lower his price of his slaves in order to continue increasing profit, However to moderate matters and encourage trade with us, he would be content with thirteen bars for males and nine bars and two brass rings for females, etc. In conclusion, the overall impact of the European exploration resulted in negative consequences, with the expansion of culture and the advancements n technology, came conflicting ideals and isolated civilizations.However, the enlargement of the worlds economy (of which was a direct result of the immense quantity of silver products and slave labor) induced newly developed Western colonies in the Americas to arise revolutionary behaviors. Thus introducing the world into the new era of reformation. If a document that contained a primary account of the isolation that occurred in Japan was acquired, it would further demonstrate the assumption of the negative impact that resulted from the European exploration.

Water Transport Essay Example

Water Transport Essay Water transport Water transport refers to movement of goods and passengers on waterways by using various means like boats, steamers, launches, ships, etc. With the help of these means goods and passengers are carried to different places, both within as well as outside the country. Within the country, rivers and canals facilitate the movement of boats, launches, etc. Since the goods and passengers move inside the country, this type of transport is called inland water transport. When the different means of transport are used to carry goods and passengers on the sea route it is termed as ocean transport. Let us know further about these two types of water transport. Inland water transport Inland water transport use boats, launches, barges, streamers, etc. , to carry goods and passengers on river and canal routes. These routes are called inland waterways and are used in domestic or home trade to carry bulky goods. Passenger transport through waterways is not so popular in our country. Inland water transport system exists only in few states like. West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Tamil Nadu, etc. II. Ocean transport Ocean transport refers to movement of goods and passengers with the help of ships through sea or ocean waterways. It plays an important role in the development of international trade. It is also used for transporting goods and passengers in the coastal areas. Ocean transport has its fixed route, which links almost all the countries of the world. Sea transport may be of the following two types. i. Coastal Shipping In this transport, ships ply between the main ports of a country. This helps in home trade, and also in carrying passengers within the country. i. Overseas shipping In this transport, ships ply between different countries separated by sea or ocean. It is mainly used for promotion and development of international trade. It is economical means of transport to carry heavy machines and goods in bulk. Overseas transport is carried out on fixed routes, which connect almost all the countries. In ocean transport, different types of ships are used to carry passengers and goods. The se may be classified as under. a. Liners A liner is a passenger or cargo vessel, which belongs to a regular shipping company. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Transport specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Transport specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Transport specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These ships ply over a fixed route according to a prescribed schedule or timetable. b. Tramps A tramp is a cargo ship, which does not make regular trips but plies whenever cargo is offered to it. It does not follow a fixed route or a prescribed timetable like that of liners. Advantages of water transport Water Transport has the following advantages: a. It is a relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods. b. It is a safe mode of transport with respect to occurance of accidents. c. The cost of maintaining and constructing routes is very low as most of them are naturally made. d. It promotes international trade. Limitations of water transport Water transport has the following limitations. i. The depth and navigability of rivers and canals vary and thus, affect operations of different transport vessels. ii. It is a slow moving mode of transport and therefore not suitable for transport of perishable goods. iii. It is adversely affected by weather conditions. iv. Sea transport requires large investment on ships and their maintenance.

Sample Optional Essay - Creating a Sample Optional Essay

Sample Optional Essay - Creating a Sample Optional EssayA sample optional essay is a helpful tool for MBA aspirants. It not only gives the basic outline of what is expected from the essay, but also acts as a guide for your own writing. Since the purpose of the essay is to help answer the interview questions asked by prospective employers, it is imperative that you have a good idea of what the interviewer expects. This article will give you an overview of the sample essay format and give you some tips on how to construct your own work of art.The sample optional essay is typically five pages long and includes the following sections: introduction, body, conclusion, two topics or articles and a resource box. At the beginning of the essay, you should provide an outline of the type of business or degree you are seeking employment in. You can do this by listing your work experience, education and a few publications. It is best to begin with a strong, enthusiastic introduction, followed by a list of achievements and skills you would bring to the position.The next section is the introduction to the project. The introduction needs to briefly describe the project in question, including its intended audience. Most projects can be submitted to potential employers, but some require more detailed discussion to get an accurate picture of the project, its audience and the requirements of the employer. The topics or articles must be brief and not so lengthy that they become distracting to the reader.The body of the essay is where the topics or articles go. Topics can be in the form of a challenge or a testimonial, or even both. Some topics are cross-referenced in the body, while others are left to the discretion of the author. Always write your topics as if they were your own words.The last two sections are the conclusion and the resource box. The final part is important because it contains all the details aboutthe project, your professional history and any awards or recognition s. The resource box contains your contact information, such as e-mail and telephone number. In addition, it should also include your letter of recommendation.As you prepare for your final project, make sure that you do not overlook the value of a sample essay. To gain invaluable advice on the proper structure of the project, make sure that you check out sample essays written by successful MBAs, which you can access online for free.When preparing for your interviews, there are a few things that you should never do. Most important among them is to choose the wrong dress and shoes. Remember, the interviewer is looking for you to set the tone for a professional relationship.The sample optional essay is an important part of your education when preparing for your MBA admissions test. It allows you to determine the format that will work best for you and to get some guidance about what you should not include in your project. Since this is an optional piece of writing, it is important that y ou use it as a guide for your own project.

Top Three problems facing the nation, the congress and the p essays

Top Three problems facing the nation, the congress and the p essays The land of Freedom, Equality, and opportunities, is what is known to the world about the United States of America from the beginning of its origin. Here people from all around the world come for higher education, for better living, and seeking more opportunities. Each people in this country can make up their life to their best because of the rules and regulation that are in favor of all, and are not bias. As for example they can work hard because there are opportunities available equally to all on the basis of their education, and capacity. Thus, the United States of America is the land of freedom, equality and opportunities. The United States of America is the dwelling place of all nationalities. However, the nation now is facing problems regarding the freedom which the congress were struck at in the decision making process. The three major problem facing nation today and also in the congress and the president in the policy making process are the same sex marriage, the illegal wo rkers, and the most high tech jobs going offshore. In the state legislatures this year, there is action related to gay marriage. In most cases lawmakers have been considering proposed amendments to their state constitutions that would tighten existing bans on the same sex marriage. It has become the problem for the congress to pass the federal constitutional amendment banning gay marriages. Different state has different decision, but most of the states have the same outcomes, that though the house has passed the bill to senate, its very hard for the senate to pass the bill. President George W. Bush hasnt formed the clear opinion on gay marriage. In some states, people are forcing congress to allow the same sex marriage. In my opinion peoples freedom is beyond the limit. Congress is on the horns of dilemma. Obviously it is the serious problem in the decision making process. If it is made legal, nation may face many problem...

Business System Analysis and Design Notes

Skills by System Analyst:Working knowledge of information technology(The analyst must be aware of both existing and emerging information technologies),Computer programming, experience and expertise,General business knowledge,General problem-solving skills,Good interpersonal communication skills,Good interpersonal relations skills,Flexibility and adaptability,Character and ethics. Info sys architecture:provides a foundation for organizing various components of any info sys you care to develop. a unifying framework into which various stakeholders with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information systems. Views of knowledge System owners view: Interested not in raw data but in information. (Business entities and business rules) System users’view: View data as something recorded on forms,stored in file cabinets,recorded in books and spreadsheets,or stored on computer. Focus on business issues as they pertain to data. Data requirement System designers’ view: Data structures,database schemas,fields,indexes,and constraints of particular database management system (DBMS). System builders’ view: SQL,DBMS or other data technologies Views of process System owners’view:Concerned with high-level processes called business functions. A cross-functional information system System users’view:Concerned with work that must be performed to provide the appropriate responses to business events. Business processes,Process requirements,Policy,Procedure, Work flow System designers’view:Concerned with which processes to automate and how to automate them. Software specifications System builders’view:Concerned with programming logic that implements automated processes. Application program,Prototyping Views of communication System owners’ view: Who? Where? What? System users’ view: Concerned with the information system’s inputs and outputs. System designers’ view: Concerned with the technical design of both the user and the system-to-system communication interfaces. System builders’ view: Concerned with the construction, installation, testing and implementation of user and system-to-system interface solutions *Basic principles of system development: Get the system users involved. Use a problem-solving approach. Establish phases and activities. Document through development. Establish standards. Manage the process and projects. Justify systems as capital investments. Don’t be afraid to cancel or revise scope. Divide and conquer. Design systems for growth and change. The need to improve: Performance Info Eco/controlcosts Control/Security Efficiency Service Phases for system development: scope definition, problem analysis, requirements analysis, logical design, decision analysis, physical designand integration, construction and testing, installation and delivery. Cross life-cycle activity: Fact-finding, Documentation and presentation Documentation, Presentation, Repository), Feasibility analysis, Process and project management Routes through the basic systems development phases: model driven development strategies (process, data, object modeling), Rapid application development (RAD), commercial application package implementation, system maintenance *Benefits of use case modeling: Provides tool for capturing functional requirements. Assists in decomposing system into man ageable pieces. Provides means of communicating with users/stakeholders concerning system functionality in language they understand. Provides means of identifying, assigning, tracking, controlling, and management system development activities. Provides aid in estimating project scope, effort, and schedule. The relationships that can appear on a use-case model diagram: Use case association relationship, extension use case, abstract use case, depends on, inheritance Use case – a behaviorally related sequence of steps (scenario), both automated and manual, for the purpose of completing a single business task. Steps for preparing a use-case model: Identify business actors. Identify business use cases. Construct use-case model diagram. Documents business requirements use-case narratives *Data modeling(database modeling)–a technique for organizing and documenting a system’s data. Data Modeling Concepts:Entity(class of persons, places, objects, events, or concepts about which we need to capture and store data),Attribute(descriptive property or characteristic of an entity. Synonyms include element, property and field), Data type(property of an attribute that identifies what type of data can be stored in that attribute),Domain(a property of an attribute that defines what values an attribute can legitimately take on),Default value(the value that will be recorded if a value is not specified by the user),Key(an attribute, or a group of attributes, that assumes a unique value for each entity instance. It is sometimes called an identifier),Subsetting criteria(an attribute whose finite values divide all entity instances into useful subsets. Sometimes called an inversion entry),Relationship(a natural business association that exists between one or more entities),Cardinality(the minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a single occurrence of the other entity),Degree(the number of entities that participate in the relationship),Recursive relationship(a relationship that exists between instances of the same entity),Foreign key(a primary key of an entity that is used in another entity to identify instances of a relationship),Parent entity(a data entity that contributes one or more attributes to another entity, called the child. In a one-to-many relationship the parent is the entity on the â€Å"one† side),Child entity(a data entity that derives one or more attributes from another entity, called the parent. In a one-to-many relationship the child is the entity on the â€Å"many† side),Nonidentifying relationship(relationship where each participating entity has its own independent primary key), Identifying relationship – relationship in which the parent entity’ key is also part of the primary key of the child entity,Generalization(a concept wherein the attributes that are common to several types of an entity are grouped into their own entity),Nonspecific relationship(relationship where many instances of an entity are associated with many instances of another entity. Also called many-to-many relationship) ,Sample CASE Tool Notations Entity relationship diagram (ERD):a data model utilizing several notations to depict data in terms of the entities and relationships described by that data. Logical Model Development Stages:1Context Data model(Includes only entities and relationships;To establish project scope). 2Key-based data model(Eliminate nonspecific relationships;Add associative entities;Include primary and alternate keys;Precise cardinalities). Fully attributed data model(All remaining attributes;Subsetting criteria). 4Normalized data model Normalize a logical data model to remove impurities that can make a database unstable, inflexible, and nonscalable. First normal form (1NF):entity whose attributes have no more than one value for a single instance of that entity,Any attributes that can have multiple values actually describe a separate entity, possibly an entity and relationship. Second normal form (2NF):entity whose nonprimary-key attributes are dependent on the full primary key,Any nonkey attributes dependent on only part of the primary key should be moved to entity where that partial key is the full key,May require creating a new entity and relationship on the model. Third normal form (3NF):entity whose nonprimary-key attributes are not dependent on any other non-primary key attributes. *Model:pictorial representation of reality. Logical model:nontechnical pictorial representation that depicts what a system is or does. Physical model:technical pictorial representation that depicts what a system is or does and how the system is implemented Process modeling:a technique used to organize and document a system’s processes. (Flow of data through processes,Logic,Policies,Procedures) Data flow diagram (DFD):a process model used to depict the flow of data through a system and the work or processing performed by the system. Synonyms are bubble chart, transformation graph, and process model. The DFD has also become a popular tool for business process redesign. Processes on DFDs can operate in parallel (at-the-same-time). DFDs show the flow of data through a system. Processes on a DFD can have dramatically different timing (daily, weekly, on demand) Context data flow diagram:a process model used to document the scope for a system. Also called the environmental model. Think of the system as a â€Å"black box. â€Å"2Ask users what business transactions the system must respond to. These are inputs, and the sources are external agents. 3Ask users what responses must be produced by the system. These are outputs, and the destinations are external agents. 4Identify any external data stores, if any. 5Draw a context diagram. Decomposition diagram:a tool used to depict the decomposition of a system. Also called hierarchy chart. Business System Analysis and Design Notes Skills by System Analyst:Working knowledge of information technology(The analyst must be aware of both existing and emerging information technologies),Computer programming, experience and expertise,General business knowledge,General problem-solving skills,Good interpersonal communication skills,Good interpersonal relations skills,Flexibility and adaptability,Character and ethics. Info sys architecture:provides a foundation for organizing various components of any info sys you care to develop. a unifying framework into which various stakeholders with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information systems. Views of knowledge System owners view: Interested not in raw data but in information. (Business entities and business rules) System users’view: View data as something recorded on forms,stored in file cabinets,recorded in books and spreadsheets,or stored on computer. Focus on business issues as they pertain to data. Data requirement System designers’ view: Data structures,database schemas,fields,indexes,and constraints of particular database management system (DBMS). System builders’ view: SQL,DBMS or other data technologies Views of process System owners’view:Concerned with high-level processes called business functions. A cross-functional information system System users’view:Concerned with work that must be performed to provide the appropriate responses to business events. Business processes,Process requirements,Policy,Procedure, Work flow System designers’view:Concerned with which processes to automate and how to automate them. Software specifications System builders’view:Concerned with programming logic that implements automated processes. Application program,Prototyping Views of communication System owners’ view: Who? Where? What? System users’ view: Concerned with the information system’s inputs and outputs. System designers’ view: Concerned with the technical design of both the user and the system-to-system communication interfaces. System builders’ view: Concerned with the construction, installation, testing and implementation of user and system-to-system interface solutions *Basic principles of system development: Get the system users involved. Use a problem-solving approach. Establish phases and activities. Document through development. Establish standards. Manage the process and projects. Justify systems as capital investments. Don’t be afraid to cancel or revise scope. Divide and conquer. Design systems for growth and change. The need to improve: Performance Info Eco/controlcosts Control/Security Efficiency Service Phases for system development: scope definition, problem analysis, requirements analysis, logical design, decision analysis, physical designand integration, construction and testing, installation and delivery. Cross life-cycle activity: Fact-finding, Documentation and presentation Documentation, Presentation, Repository), Feasibility analysis, Process and project management Routes through the basic systems development phases: model driven development strategies (process, data, object modeling), Rapid application development (RAD), commercial application package implementation, system maintenance *Benefits of use case modeling: Provides tool for capturing functional requirements. Assists in decomposing system into man ageable pieces. Provides means of communicating with users/stakeholders concerning system functionality in language they understand. Provides means of identifying, assigning, tracking, controlling, and management system development activities. Provides aid in estimating project scope, effort, and schedule. The relationships that can appear on a use-case model diagram: Use case association relationship, extension use case, abstract use case, depends on, inheritance Use case – a behaviorally related sequence of steps (scenario), both automated and manual, for the purpose of completing a single business task. Steps for preparing a use-case model: Identify business actors. Identify business use cases. Construct use-case model diagram. Documents business requirements use-case narratives *Data modeling(database modeling)–a technique for organizing and documenting a system’s data. Data Modeling Concepts:Entity(class of persons, places, objects, events, or concepts about which we need to capture and store data),Attribute(descriptive property or characteristic of an entity. Synonyms include element, property and field), Data type(property of an attribute that identifies what type of data can be stored in that attribute),Domain(a property of an attribute that defines what values an attribute can legitimately take on),Default value(the value that will be recorded if a value is not specified by the user),Key(an attribute, or a group of attributes, that assumes a unique value for each entity instance. It is sometimes called an identifier),Subsetting criteria(an attribute whose finite values divide all entity instances into useful subsets. Sometimes called an inversion entry),Relationship(a natural business association that exists between one or more entities),Cardinality(the minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a single occurrence of the other entity),Degree(the number of entities that participate in the relationship),Recursive relationship(a relationship that exists between instances of the same entity),Foreign key(a primary key of an entity that is used in another entity to identify instances of a relationship),Parent entity(a data entity that contributes one or more attributes to another entity, called the child. In a one-to-many relationship the parent is the entity on the â€Å"one† side),Child entity(a data entity that derives one or more attributes from another entity, called the parent. In a one-to-many relationship the child is the entity on the â€Å"many† side),Nonidentifying relationship(relationship where each participating entity has its own independent primary key), Identifying relationship – relationship in which the parent entity’ key is also part of the primary key of the child entity,Generalization(a concept wherein the attributes that are common to several types of an entity are grouped into their own entity),Nonspecific relationship(relationship where many instances of an entity are associated with many instances of another entity. Also called many-to-many relationship) ,Sample CASE Tool Notations Entity relationship diagram (ERD):a data model utilizing several notations to depict data in terms of the entities and relationships described by that data. Logical Model Development Stages:1Context Data model(Includes only entities and relationships;To establish project scope). 2Key-based data model(Eliminate nonspecific relationships;Add associative entities;Include primary and alternate keys;Precise cardinalities). Fully attributed data model(All remaining attributes;Subsetting criteria). 4Normalized data model Normalize a logical data model to remove impurities that can make a database unstable, inflexible, and nonscalable. First normal form (1NF):entity whose attributes have no more than one value for a single instance of that entity,Any attributes that can have multiple values actually describe a separate entity, possibly an entity and relationship. Second normal form (2NF):entity whose nonprimary-key attributes are dependent on the full primary key,Any nonkey attributes dependent on only part of the primary key should be moved to entity where that partial key is the full key,May require creating a new entity and relationship on the model. Third normal form (3NF):entity whose nonprimary-key attributes are not dependent on any other non-primary key attributes. *Model:pictorial representation of reality. Logical model:nontechnical pictorial representation that depicts what a system is or does. Physical model:technical pictorial representation that depicts what a system is or does and how the system is implemented Process modeling:a technique used to organize and document a system’s processes. (Flow of data through processes,Logic,Policies,Procedures) Data flow diagram (DFD):a process model used to depict the flow of data through a system and the work or processing performed by the system. Synonyms are bubble chart, transformation graph, and process model. The DFD has also become a popular tool for business process redesign. Processes on DFDs can operate in parallel (at-the-same-time). DFDs show the flow of data through a system. Processes on a DFD can have dramatically different timing (daily, weekly, on demand) Context data flow diagram:a process model used to document the scope for a system. Also called the environmental model. Think of the system as a â€Å"black box. â€Å"2Ask users what business transactions the system must respond to. These are inputs, and the sources are external agents. 3Ask users what responses must be produced by the system. These are outputs, and the destinations are external agents. 4Identify any external data stores, if any. 5Draw a context diagram. Decomposition diagram:a tool used to depict the decomposition of a system. Also called hierarchy chart.